Investigation and Comparison of SCFRC Properties Incorporating Fly Ash and Zeolitic Additives

Various properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) and fresh mixture attracts the researchers and civil engineers’ interest. It has been achieved a lot since its first introduction in 1980 in Japan. SCC virtually replaced the conventional vibrated concrete, and in many countries it started developing the SCC culture of construction technology. Currently, researchers are actively searching for new local secondary raw materials to be used as micro fillers. SCC mechanical and technological properties are being improved by incorporating partially oriented dispersive reinforcement. In this paper, influence of two waste materials: fly ash and synthetic zeolite, obtained from oil cracking process – on self-compacting fiber reinforced concrete (SCFRC) rheology and mechanical properties are compared while cement is partly replaced (10–30%) by those waste materials. Possibility of replacing the fly ash additive, which is quite widely used in the region, by zeolitic waste, obtained from oil cracking process, is analysed in this paper. Slump flow, t500 slump flow duration, J-ring tests are analysed. In addition, results of cement paste and hardened cement paste comparative research, X-ray analysis, shrinkage strain and mechanical properties are presented. Studies show that selected additives classified as secondary raw materials have the capacity of modifying mixture plastic viscosity and yield stress values which are extremely significant properties for concrete workability in heavy reinforced structures, as well as for fiber orientation factor.


Introduction
Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 2014/4/9 36 2008).Spent catalytic cracking catalyst used in oil refineries all around the world also demonstrates clear pozzolanic activity in Portland hardened cement paste (Pacewska et al. 2013, Bukowska et al. 2004, Payá et al. 2009), Payá et al. 2001, Glasser et al. 2011, Chen et al. 2004, Wu et al. 2003).Many scientists indicate similar characteristics of natural zeolites, including the following: large specific surface area, porous surface structure, pozzolanic activity within hardened cement paste, higher water demand in paste of normal consistency (WD) compared to cement, etc.Therefore, it should be noted that natural or spent catalytic cracking catalysts, derived from different sources, are defined by different physical characteristics and of different mineralogical composition.These factors affect the pozzolanic activity and behaviour in cement paste or in concrete.The following advantages could be attributed to zeolitic waste in the context of production: environmental dimension (lower cement consumption, reduced energy consumption, reduction of carbon dioxide emissions), economical dimension (in some cases, the price of zeolitic waste is relatively lower than of cement), technological advantages (improved properties of concrete mixture and hardened concrete, as well as of the paste).During the technological oil refinery process at oil treatment plants (fluid catalytic cracking process or FCC), different impurities, including heavy metals, tend to contaminate the zeolites, therefore, in order to use them in construction materials, different issues may arise related to hazards, technological factors, etc.In terms of hazards, it is the most advisable to use it in construction materials intended for industrial purposes (Aleknevičius 2008).When analysing the XRD patterns and DSC curves of hydrated cement pastes with different FCC contents, a significant decrease of the amount of portlandite Ca(OH)2 was observed (Wu et al. 2003).Results proved that, similarly to other cases when using other active pozzolanic additives, more CSH gel and Aft, but less Ca(OH) 2 is produced for pastes with greater amount of FCC.

Rheological properties
One of the key factors influencing the workability and self-compatibility is the rheological properties of the concrete mixture.Research literature suggests that when increasing the amount of steel fiber in the SCC mixture, the slump flow of the mixture decreases, and the viscosity of the mixture increases (Prisco et al. 2011, Ponikiewski 2010).
The physical interactions may be called as increasing the specific surface area of the binder, and the changes in grading of solid materials of the concrete that in turn affects packing density of concrete particles.The above effects contribute to changes in the properties of high performance self-compacting concrete, especially in its rheological properties, which may have some effects on the properties of hardened concrete (Sabet et al. 2013).Studies show that the partial replacement of cement by fly ash can change the rheology properties of SCC mixtures (Dinakar et al. 2013).Researchers point out that a small slump flow increases, compared to the control composition that was recorded in the case where as much as 50% of cement was replaced by fly ash.70% replacement causes sudden decrease in slump flow, however, by changing slump flow, the slump flow time ratio t 500 did not show significant variation.Incorporating fly ash in the mixtures reduces the amount of superplasticizer needed for reaching the target slump flow.The superplasticizer dosage in the mixtures containing fly ash was by 0.2% and 0.5% less than in control mixture (Sabet et al. 2013).The reason may be attributed to the spherical geometry of fly ash particles which easily roll over one another and also can disperse agglomeration of cement particles.The spherical shapes reduce the friction at the aggregate-paste interface which produce a "ball-bearing effect" at the point of contact (Sabet et al. 2013).Researchers describe compounds with relatively high t 500 ratio such as 5-7 s. (Dinakar et al. 2013).Even so, the slump flow still reaches 620-700 mm.
The superplasticizer (SP) dosages in the mixtures containing natural zeolite are higher than that in the control mixture.The higher the replacement of cement by natural zeolite, the more of SP is required to achieve the target slump flow (Sabet et al. 2013, Najimi et al. 2012, Ranjbar et al. 2013, Ahmadi et al. 2010, Su et al. 2000).This is probably due to the large amount of pores in the frame structure and high surface area of natural zeolite which in turn increases the quantity of water adsorbed on the particle (Najimi et al. 2012, Ranjbar et al. 2013, Şahmaran et al. 2008).However, research carried out by other researchers show that the replacement of cement by zeolite at 5-15% did not affect the workability of concrete, although it slightly increased the viscosity of fresh concrete (Chan et al. 1999).Literature overview revealed that t500 flow and V-funnel time generally increases with the increase of natural zeolite content.In most cases, this is again explained by higher surface area and larger paste volume of the mixtures (Ranjbar et al. 2013).SEM micrographs of the FCC from oil refinery plants shows totally different shaping (see Fig. 4), while chemical compositions stay similar to natural zeolite.

Compressive strength
Integration of pozzolanic materials has an important influence on concrete compressive strength, depending on its type, content, and properties.On the other hand, combination of pozzolanic materials with Portland cement increases the strength of concrete more, compared to the usage of slag cement (Abd Elrahman el al. 2014).In terms of compressive strength, it is stated that it is worth using fly ash for replacing up to 30% in some cases (Dinakar el al. 2013).Other researchers also indicate that replacing cement by 10% and 20% of fly ash raised the 28-day compressive strength (Sabet el al. 2013, Chan el al. 1999, Karakurt el al. 2011).Increase in compressive strength of the mixtures containing fly ash could be explained by the fact that the voids between cement grains are filled with smaller particles of fly ash and also by pozzolanic reactivity (Sabet el al. 2013).Mechanical properties also depend on the type of used fly ash.Higher values were present when using material of finer composition (Abd Elrahman el al. 2014).
Natural zeolite at the replacement level of 10% improves the compressive strength of the control mixture, yet replacement 20% of cement by natural zeolite caused reduction in compressive strength at all terms, and that could be related to the higher void content in this concrete, compared to other mixtures (Sabet el al. 2013, Chan el al. 1999, Ranjbar el al. 2013, Ahmadi el al. 2010).In some cases, replacement rate of 10-20% shows higher compressive strength (Karakurt el al. 2011, Bilim 2011).It was found by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis that replacement of 10% of cement by zeolite reduced the amount of Ca(OH) 2 (Chan el al. 1999).M.M. Ranjbar el al. (2013) indicated that natural zeolite in SCC shows better performance in a lower W/B ratio.However Poon el al. (1999) reports that cement replacement by zeolite did not increase the 28, 90 or 180day compressive strength of the blended paste at replacement level of 10%, similarly to many other investigations.
Increase of compressive strength is influenced not only by pozzolanic properties of FCC.Increase in strength in mortars appears to be more significant than that in pastes, as the former was observed to have higher rate of strength gain than the latter.It is ascertained that pozzolanic materials also act as micro fillers, and they improve the interface and as a result of this, the strength increases.Researchers (Wu el al. 2003) present SEM micrographs of mortars (W/B = 0.3) cured for 7 days and containing 0% and 15% of FCC.The mortar with no waste catalyst appears to be more porous and there is a separation between cement paste and aggregate.The presence of zeolitic waste results in improved binding between cement paste and sand.

Drying shrinkage
According to Najimi el al. (2012), the application of natural zeolite led to a considerable decrease in drying shrinkage at dry conditions.The drying shrinkage of mixtures with 15% and 30% of replaced cement were about 84% and 64% of that of the control concrete after 90 days, respectively.It is noted that internal the curing ability of natural zeolite is similar to that of lightweight concrete.It

Summary
It is generally accepted that 10% of zeolite in SCC can be considered as a suitable replacement regarding the economic efficiency, fresh and hardened properties of natural zeolite supplemented concrete (Ranjbar el al. 2013).Meanwhile, it is stated and recommended that the best properties of SCC can be achieved with fly ash replacement of cement by 30-50%.
To sum up, the role of fine fly ash in reducing the porosity and enhancing the concrete durability can be basically interpreted in several aspects: (Abd Elrahman el al. 2014), packing density, pozzolanic activity, enhanced cohesion and reduced amount of free water, densified transition zone, reduced water demand, lower hydration heat and thermal stress.Moreover, some mineral admixtures like natural or synthetic zeolites could eliminate the need for viscosity modifying agents (VMA) and improve properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state.

Methods
The general aim was to identify and compare technological and mechanical properties of SCC mixtures when part of the cement in the mixture was replaced by zeolitic waste, fly ash, and

X-ray diffraction
The fractured pieces of h were crushed to pass throug immediately soaked in ace hydration of the cementitiou dried at 105 º C in controlle samples were used for X-ray X-ray diffraction patter specimens revealed that C increase of zeolitic waste sub Comparing the four curves, Ca(OH) 2 (0.493 nm) is the m waste is not used, i.e. in t curve.).Meanwhile, in the ce zeolitic waste, Ca(OH) 2 typ peaks are less intensive when Fly ash substitution slig with increased substitution fro level of the amount of portl replacement was noticeably samples or even undisting investigation, results show m fly ash, which could be also paper.
The XRD analysis was diffractometer (Bruker AXS, at the tube voltage of 40 kV a X-ray beam was filtered with CuKα wavelength.Diffractio Bragg-Brentano geometry u

X-ray diffraction
The fractured pieces of har were crushed to pass through immediately soaked in aceton hydration of the cementitious m dried at 105 º C in controlled samples were used for X-ray tes X-ray diffraction patterns specimens revealed that Ca( increase of zeolitic waste substi Comparing the four curves, t Ca(OH) 2 (0.493 nm) is the mo waste is not used, i.e. in the curve.).Meanwhile, in the cem zeolitic waste, Ca(OH) 2 typic peaks are less intensive when ze Fly ash substitution slightl with increased substitution from level of the amount of portlan replacement was noticeably samples or even undistingu investigation, results show min fly ash, which could be also pr paper.
The XRD analysis was pe diffractometer (Bruker AXS, Ka at the tube voltage of 40 kV and X-ray beam was filtered with N CuKα wavelength.Diffraction Bragg-Brentano geometry usin "Bruker LynxEye" based on s

X-ray diffraction
The fractured pieces of h were crushed to pass through immediately soaked in acet hydration of the cementitious dried at 105 º C in controlled samples were used for X-ray t X-ray diffraction patter specimens revealed that C increase of zeolitic waste subs Comparing the four curves, Ca(OH) 2 (0.493 nm) is the m waste is not used, i.e. in th curve.).Meanwhile, in the cem zeolitic waste, Ca(OH) 2 typ peaks are less intensive when Fly ash substitution sligh with increased substitution fro level of the amount of portla replacement was noticeably samples or even undisting investigation, results show m fly ash, which could be also paper.
The XRD analysis was p diffractometer (Bruker AXS, K at the tube voltage of 40 kV a X-ray beam was filtered with CuKα wavelength.Diffractio incorporated with steel fiber.Also, to compare the spent zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst with respect to another artificial pozzolanic material -fly ash which in general is of similar chemical composition and high pozzolanic activity.The experimental programme involves two major parts: investigation of cement paste and hardened cement paste, as well as investigation of fresh concrete mixture and concrete.Mechanical properties of hardened cement paste were identified in the research when W/B = WD and W/ B=const.In order to investigate the effect of zeolitic waste and fly ash and its proportion on various rheological and mechanical properties of grouts, 16 concrete mixtures at a constant W/B (water/ binder) of 0.55 were designed and attributed to different groups from A to F. Water, aggregates, and VMA (viscosity modifying agent) content remained constant at all mixes.In mix A, only the content of steel fiber varies.In mix B, only replacement level of zeolite varies while no steel fiber is used.In mix C, level of replacement by zeolite varies while content of steel fiber stays constant at 25 kg/m 3 .Mixes D and F replicates B and C, only changing the additive zeolite to fly ash (see Table 1).Rheological properties of each mix were determined twice: with 2.0 and 2.5% of superplasticizer."Sika ViscoCrete" -D187 high range superplasticizer and "Sika Stabilizer 4R" VMA were used to improve workability properties of SCC mixes.
The following fine aggregates were used in concrete mixes: sand 0/2 and 0/4, and coarse aggregate -gravel of fraction 4/16.In order to obtain a continuous curve of granulometric composition, containing higher amount of fine particles, the following comparative amounts of fillers were calculated using analytical and numerical methods according to their mass: sand 0/2 -7.1%, sand 0/4 -47.3% and gravel 4/16 -45.6%.Overall curve of granulometric composition of fillers is presented in Fig. 1.
In this study, the commercially available Portland cement CEMII/A-LL 42,5R (specific surface -460 m 2 /kg; initial setting time -160 min, compression strength -34.2 MPa (after 2 days) and 53.9 MPa (after 28 days)) was used.Commercially available fly ash from Polish coal-burning electrical power plant was used in this investigation, the physical, mechanical and chemical composition of which is presented in Table 2. Zeolitic waste was obtained from AB "Mažeikių nafta".It had been used as a catalyst in the process of oil refinery.Granulometric composition curves of cement, zeolitic waste, and fly ash are presented in Fig. 5, while SEM micrograph of zeolitic waste particles is presented in Fig. 4. Based on X-ray mapping, it is claimed that all peaks are attributed to zeolite Y. FCC is used in refineries to improve the yield of higher octane gasoline from crude oil during oil refining and cracking.When the catalytic properties of the FCC catalyst are degraded, the deactivated catalyst must be replaced with active (regenerated) or fresh catalyst.Spent FCC catalyst which, consists primarily of active silica (SiO 2 ) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), is considered as a waste material.In their scientific studies, many researchers indicate

X-ray diffraction
The fractured pieces of hardened cement paste samples were crushed to pass through a 0.125 mm sieve and then immediately soaked in acetone for 5 days to stop the hydration of the cementitious materials.The samples were dried at 105 º C in controlled oven for 48 h.The dried samples were used for X-ray testing.
X-ray diffraction patterns of hardened cement paste

X-ray diffraction
The fractured pieces of hardened cement paste samples were crushed to pass through a 0.125 mm sieve and then immediately soaked in acetone for 5 days to stop the hydration of the cementitious materials.The samples were dried at 105 º C in controlled oven for 48 h.The dried samples were used for X-ray testing.
X-ray diffraction patterns of hardened cement paste specimens revealed that Ca(OH) 2 decreased with the increase of zeolitic waste substitutes from 0 to 30% (Fig. 6).Comparing the four curves, the highest typical peak of Ca(OH) 2 (0.493 nm) is the most intense when the zeolitic waste is not used, i.e. in the control sample (Fig. 6, 1 curve.).Meanwhile, in the cement paste samples containing zeolitic waste, Ca(OH) 2 typical peak decreases.Calcite peaks are less intensive when zeolite is used.
Fly ash substitution slightly modified the X-ray results with increased substitution from 0 to 30% (Fig. 7).Decrease level of the amount of portlandite with increasing fly ash replacement was noticeably lower than zeolitic waste samples or even undistinguishable.In this particular investigation, results show minimal pozzolanic activity of fly ash, which could be also proven in further parts of this paper.
The XRD analysis was performed on the D8 Advance
3.2.Compressive strength of hardened cement paste samples Compression test results of the cement paste samples after 28 and 90 days of curing are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. Results of samples where W/B (water/binder) ratio was density.Although the density of synthetic zeolitic waste used in the research is by ~34% lower than that of cement, when replacing 10% of cement by this additive, the highest compressive strength of hardened sample was obtained.After 28 and 90 days of curing, the compressive strength of samples with 20% zeolite replacement were almost the same Intensity, a.
Selected range of the X-ray diffraction patterns of hardened cement paste after 28 days containing 0% (1), 10% Intensity, a. u.
Selected range of the X-ray diffraction patterns of hardened cement paste after 28 days containing 0% (1), 10% (2), 20% (3), and 30% (4) of fly ash similar characteristics of zeolitic waste that they recorded, including the following: large specific surface area (Blaine value), porous surface structure, pozzolanic activity within hardened cement paste, higher WD ratio compared to cement, etc. Zeolitic waste column in Table 2 shows the chemical composition of the material (Aleknevičius 2008).
"Suttard" viscometer slump flow and water demand of normal consistency results of selected additives are also given in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively.
Steel fiber with standard hooked end geometrical shape was used.Fiber length L=50 mm, diameter d =1 mm.

X-ray diffraction
The fractured pieces of hardened cement paste samples were crushed to pass through a 0.125 mm sieve and then immediately soaked in acetone for 5 days to stop the hydration of the cementitious materials.The samples were dried at 105 º C in controlled oven for 48 h.The dried samples were used for X-ray testing.
X-ray diffraction patterns of hardened cement paste specimens revealed that Ca(OH) 2 decreased with the increase of zeolitic waste substitutes from 0 to 30% (Fig. 6).Comparing the four curves, the highest typical peak of Ca(OH) 2 (0.493 nm) is the most intense when the zeolitic waste is not used, i.e. in the control sample (Fig. 6, 1 curve.).
Meanwhile, in the cement paste samples containing zeolitic waste, Ca(OH) 2 typical peak decreases.Calcite peaks are less intensive when zeolite is used.
Fly ash substitution slightly modified the X-ray results with increased substitution from 0 to 30% (Fig. 7).
Decrease level of the amount of portlandite with increasing fly ash replacement was noticeably lower than zeolitic waste samples or even undistinguishable.In this particular investigation, results show minimal pozzolanic activity of fly ash, which could be also proven in further parts of this paper.
The XRD analysis was performed on the D8 Advance diffractometer (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany) operating at the tube voltage of 40 kV and tube current of 40 mA.The X-ray beam was filtered with Ni 0.02 mm filter to select the CuKα wavelength.Diffraction patterns were recorded in a Bragg-Brentano geometry using a fast counting detector "Bruker LynxEye" based on silicon strip technology.The specimens were scanned over the range 2θ = 3-70º at a scanning speed of 6º min-1 using a coupled two theta/ theta scan type.

Compressive strength of hardened cement paste samples
Compression test results of the cement paste samples after 28 and 90 days of curing are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. Results of samples where W/B (water/binder) ratio was set equal to ressive strength is plotted for he cement pastes with blended h, three observations could be ent by zeolitic waste resulted in duction in all ages; 2) natural better compressive strength content in test where W/B = nsistency; 3) similar to natural ytic cracking (FCC) catalyst ressive strength at replacement tions indicate higher pozzolanic and significant differences from hardened cement paste partly of water demand for paste of size, were cast and the deformation during 90 days was measured in wet conditions.W/B ratio=0.322 was chosen.Three samples for each mixture were prepared and average percentage of deformation values were calculated in every measurement.Measurements were recorded starting with 24 h after casting, right after demold.It should be noted that after the initial, and during later measurements, all the prisms were stored in one water tank with a temperature of 20-22 º C. Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 present the drying shrinkage of samples with zeolitic waste material and fly ash, respectively, during selected period of curing days in wet conditions.According to those figures, generally, the application of fly ash led to a slightly lower drying

Shrinkage strain of hardened cement paste
The effect of zeolitic additives as a supplementary cementitious material on drying shrinkage of concrete has not been deeply investigated.In this study, identical hardened cement paste prism specimens, 40x40x160 mm in measurement.Measurements were recorded starting with 24 h after casting, right after demold.It should be noted that after the initial, and during later measurements, all the prisms were stored in one water tank with a temperature of 20-22 º C. Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 present the drying shrinkage of samples with zeolitic waste material and fly ash, respectively, during selected period of curing days in wet conditions.According to those figures, generally, the application of fly ash led to a slightly lower drying shrinkage compared to zeolitic waste.However, in both cases, 10%, 20% and 30% of the cement replacement by selected additives influenced higher shrinkage strain respectively.Particularly after ~15 days of curing.Najimi et al. (2012) hypothesize an idea that zeolite as a porous material absorbs a part of water in fresh state of concrete, and this water gradually migrates out of natural zeolite during drying.Wet conditions eliminate the moisture evaporation component, uneven and non-linear water evaporation rate.

Investigation of concrete properties
For each mixture, a total volume of 22 L. of concrete was prepared in a pan planetary-type mixer.Immediately after the mixing procedure, the slump flow test was performed.Each slump flow test procedure was filmed and then slump flow t 500 was determined by using computational video editing software.
Investigation of the technological properties of mixtures was started with experimental mixture without Compressive strength of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive.W/B ratio of water demand for paste of normal consistency was used less compressive strength reduction in all ages; 2) natural zeolite replacement shows better compressive strength results despite higher water content in test where W/B = water demand of normal consistency; 3) similar to natural zeolite, fluid zeolitic catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst shows clear increase in compressive strength at replacement

Shrinkage strain of hardened cement paste
The effect of zeolitic additives as a supplementary cementitious material on drying shrinkage of concrete has not been deeply investigated.In this study, identical hardened cement paste prism specimens, 40x40x160 mm in measurement.Measurements were recorded starting with 24 h after casting, right after demold.It should be noted that after the initial, and during later measurements, all the prisms were stored in one water tank with a temperature of 20-22 º C. Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 present the drying shrinkage of samples with zeolitic waste material and fly ash, respectively, during selected period of curing days in wet conditions.According to those figures, generally, the application of fly ash led to a slightly lower drying shrinkage compared to zeolitic waste.However, in both cases, 10%, 20% and 30% of the cement replacement by selected additives influenced higher shrinkage strain respectively.Particularly after ~15 days of curing.Najimi et al. (2012) hypothesize an idea that zeolite as a porous material absorbs a part of water in fresh state of concrete, and this water gradually migrates out of natural zeolite during drying.Wet conditions eliminate the moisture evaporation component, uneven and non-linear water evaporation rate.

Investigation of concrete properties
For each mixture, a total volume of 22 L. of concrete was prepared in a pan planetary-type mixer.Immediately after the mixing procedure, the slump flow test was performed.Each slump flow test procedure was filmed and then slump flow t 500 was determined by using computational video editing software.
Investigation of the technological properties of mixtures was started with experimental mixture without less compressive strength reduction in all ages; 2) natural zeolite replacement shows better compressive strength results despite higher water content in test where W/B = water demand of normal consistency; 3) similar to natural zeolite, fluid zeolitic catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst shows clear increase in compressive strength at replacement

Shrinkage strain of hardened cement paste
The effect of zeolitic additives as a supplementary cementitious material on drying shrinkage of concrete has not been deeply investigated.In this study, identical hardened cement paste prism specimens, 40x40x160 mm in measurement.Measurements were recorded starting with 24 h after casting, right after demold.It should be noted that after the initial, and during later measurements, all the prisms were stored in one water tank with a temperature of 20-22 º C. Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 present the drying shrinkage of samples with zeolitic waste material and fly ash, respectively, during selected period of curing days in wet conditions.According to those figures, generally, the application of fly ash led to a slightly lower drying shrinkage compared to zeolitic waste.However, in both cases, 10%, 20% and 30% of the cement replacement by selected additives influenced higher shrinkage strain respectively.Particularly after ~15 days of curing.Najimi et al. (2012) hypothesize an idea that zeolite as a porous material absorbs a part of water in fresh state of concrete, and this water gradually migrates out of natural zeolite during drying.Wet conditions eliminate the moisture evaporation component, uneven and non-linear water evaporation rate.

Investigation of concrete properties
For each mixture, a total volume of 22 L. of concrete was prepared in a pan planetary-type mixer.Immediately after the mixing procedure, the slump flow test was performed.Each slump flow test procedure was filmed and then slump flow t 500 was determined by using computational video editing software.
Investigation of the technological properties of mixtures was started with experimental mixture without

Shrinkage strain of hardened cement paste
The effect of zeolitic additives as a supplementary cementitious material on drying shrinkage of concrete has not been deeply investigated.In this study, identical hardened cement paste prism specimens, 40x40x160 mm in Fig. 11.Shrinkage strain graph of samples prepared by means of partial replacement of cement by fly ash.Wet conditions.

Investigation of concrete properties
For each mixture, a total volume of 22 L. of concrete was prepared in a pan planetary-type mixer.Immediately after the mixing procedure, the slump flow test was performed.Each slump flow test procedure was filmed and then slump flow t 500 was determined by using computational video editing software.
Investigation of the technological properties of mixtures was started with experimental mixture without Upper: Dependency of the slump flow of the mixture on the amount of added steel fiber.Lower: Dependency of the concrete mix density on the amount of steel fiber and used additive identify the influence of steel fiber on slump flow of the mixture were made employing the Abhram's cone method and the J-ring method.
According to the slump flow test results, all mixes produced with blended cements met the EN 206-9 specified SCC requirements.The visual stability index (VSI) values of mixes were between zero (no evidence of segregation or bleeding) and one (no evidence of segregation and slight bleeding observed as a sheen on the concrete mass) in accordance with ASTM C611.Since the water, aggregates, and chemical admixture content were constant, the impact of zeolitic waste and fly ash replacement and amount of steel fiber on flowability, density, slump flow time t 500 , and J-ring test results were recorded.
Stability of each mixture was tested by the threecylinder method in order to investigate the stability and segregation of concrete mixture.Slump flow of the mixture dependency on the amount of steel fiber is presented in Fig. 12 (upper)Fig. 10which shows that steel fiber decreases the slump flow of both mixtures.
In many cases discussed in section 1 of this paper, the use of natural and synthetic zeolite decreased the workability of concrete which was compensated by using a waste, significant slump flow inc observed (Fig. 13 upper and Fig cases, when increasing the amo mixture tended to become "slowe mixture including zeolitic waste w measuring table in significantly also supported by significantly in mixture. Quite different results of rh ash replacement were observed.1 translated into higher slump flow control mix (700), while higher intense decrease of slump flow ( upper).However, the tendency viscous mix remains similar to tha lower).
The third phase of the invest was intended for investigating the waste and steel fiber on technol mixture.In this case, steel fiber chosen, and mixtures containing cement replacement by selecte produced.effect of zeo zeolitic waste (mix A).With those mixtures, attempts to identify the influence of steel fiber on slump flow of the mixture were made employing the Abhram's cone method and the J-ring method.
According to the slump flow test results, all mixes produced with blended cements met the EN 206-9 specified SCC requirements.The visual stability index (VSI) values of mixes were between zero (no evidence of segregation or bleeding) and one (no evidence of segregation and slight bleeding observed as a sheen on the concrete mass) in accordance with ASTM C611.Since the water, aggregates, and chemical admixture content were constant, the impact of zeolitic waste and fly ash replacement and amount of steel fiber on flowability, density, slump flow time t 500 , and J-ring test results were recorded.
Stability of each mixture was tested by the threecylinder method in order to investigate the stability and segregation of concrete mixture.Slump flow of the mixture dependency on the amount of steel fiber is presented in Fig. 12 (upper)Fig. 10which shows that steel fiber decreases the slump flow of both mixtures.
In many cases discussed in section 1 of this paper, the use of natural and synthetic zeolite decreased the workability of concrete which was compensated by using a increasingly higher amount of ce waste, significant slump flow inc observed (Fig. 13 upper and Fig cases, when increasing the amo mixture tended to become "slowe mixture including zeolitic waste w measuring table in significantly also supported by significantly in mixture. Quite different results of rh ash replacement were observed.1 translated into higher slump flow control mix (700), while higher intense decrease of slump flow ( upper).However, the tendency viscous mix remains similar to tha lower).
The third phase of the invest was intended for investigating the waste and steel fiber on technol mixture.In this case, steel fiber chosen, and mixtures containing cement replacement by selecte produced.Complex effect of zeo Amount o zeolite Y. SP=2,0%.fly ash.SP=2,0%.
In contrast to the compressive strength of samples with incorporation of zeolitic waste and fly ash, Fig. 9 shows second compressive test results of samples with constant 0.350 W/B ratio carried out after 90 days.Relative percentage change in compressive strength is plotted for both additives.Comparing the cement pastes with blended in zeolitic waste and fly ash, three observations could be noted: a) replacement of cement by zeolitic waste resulted in less compressive strength reduction in all ages; 2) natural zeolite replacement shows better compressive strength results despite higher water content in test where W/B = water demand of normal consistency; 3) similar to natural zeolite, fluid zeolitic catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst shows clear increase in compressive strength at replacement level of 10%.These observations indicate higher pozzolanic activity of the zeolitic waste and significant differences from that of fly ash.

Shrinkage strain of hardened cement paste
The effect of zeolitic additives as a supplementary cementitious material on drying shrinkage of concrete has not been deeply investigated.In this study, identical hardened cement paste prism specimens, 40x40x160 mm in size, were cast and the deformation during 90 days was measured in wet conditions.W/B ratio=0.322 was chosen.Three samples for each mixture were prepared and average percentage of deformation values were calculated in every measurement.Measurements were recorded starting with 24 h after casting, right after demold.It should be noted that after the initial, and during later measurements, all the prisms were stored in one water tank with a temperature of 20-22 º C. Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 present the drying shrinkage of samples with zeolitic waste material and fly ash, respectively, during selected period of curing days in wet conditions.According to those figures, generally, the application of fly ash led to a slightly lower drying shrinkage compared to zeolitic waste.However, in both cases, 10%, 20% and 30% of the cement replacement by selected additives influenced higher shrinkage strain respectively.Particularly after ~15 days of curing.Najimi et al. (2012) hypothesize an idea that zeolite as a porous material absorbs a part of water in fresh state of concrete, and this water gradually migrates out of natural zeolite during drying.Wet conditions eliminate the moisture evaporation component, uneven and non-linear water evaporation rate.

Investigation of concrete properties
For each mixture, a total volume of 22 L. of concrete was prepared in a pan planetary-type mixer.Immediately after the mixing procedure, the slump flow test was performed.Each slump flow test procedure was filmed and then slump flow t 500 was determined by using computational video editing software.
Investigation of the technological properties of mixtures was started with experimental mixture without zeolitic waste (mix A).With those mixtures, attempts to identify the influence of steel fiber on slump flow of the mixture were made employing the Abhram's cone method and the J-ring method.
According to the slump flow test results, all mixes produced with blended cements met the EN 206-9 specified SCC requirements.The visual stability index (VSI) values of mixes ith those mixtures, attempts to eel fiber on slump flow of the ing the Abhram's cone method p flow test results, all mixes ents met the EN 206-9 specified ual stability index (VSI) values (no evidence of segregation or ence of segregation and slight een on the concrete mass) in 11.Since the water, aggregates, tent were constant, the impact of eplacement and amount of steel , slump flow time t 500 , and J-ring ture was tested by the threeto investigate the stability and ture.Slump flow of the mixture of steel fiber is presented in Fig.
ws that steel fiber decreases the .ed in section 1 of this paper, the thetic zeolite decreased the ch was compensated by using a increasingly higher amount of cement replaced by zeolitic waste, significant slump flow increase of the mixture was observed (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).Yet, in both cases, when increasing the amount of zeolitic waste, the mixture tended to become "slower" and more viscous.The mixture including zeolitic waste would stop flowing on the measuring table in significantly greater time.This fact is also supported by significantly increasing flow time of the mixture.
Quite different results of rheology properties with fly ash replacement were observed.10% replacement by fly ash translated into higher slump flow (730 mm), compared to control mix (700), while higher replacement resulted in intense decrease of slump flow (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).However, the tendency of "slower" and more viscous mix remains similar to that of zeolitic waste (Fig. 15  lower).
The third phase of the investigation (mix C and mix F) was intended for investigating the complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber on technological properties of SCC mixture.In this case, steel fiber amount of 25 kg/m 3 was chosen, and mixtures containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement replacement by selected waste material were produced.Complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber ed in section 1 of this paper, the nthetic zeolite decreased the ich was compensated by using a increasingly higher amount of cement replaced by zeolitic waste, significant slump flow increase of the mixture was observed (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).Yet, in both cases, when increasing the amount of zeolitic waste, the mixture tended to become "slower" and more viscous.The mixture including zeolitic waste would stop flowing on the measuring table in significantly greater time.This fact is also supported by significantly increasing flow time of the mixture.
Quite different results of rheology properties with fly ash replacement were observed.10% replacement by fly ash translated into higher slump flow (730 mm), compared to control mix (700), while higher replacement resulted in intense decrease of slump flow (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).However, the tendency of "slower" and more viscous mix remains similar to that of zeolitic waste (Fig. 15  lower).
The third phase of the investigation (mix C and mix F) was intended for investigating the complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber on technological properties of SCC mixture.In this case, steel fiber amount of 25 kg/m 3 was chosen, and mixtures containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement replacement by selected waste material were produced.Complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber zeolite Y. SP=2,5%.fly ash.SP=2,0%.fly ash.SP=2,5%.ed in section 1 of this paper, the nthetic zeolite decreased the ich was compensated by using a increasingly higher amount of cement replaced by zeolitic waste, significant slump flow increase of the mixture was observed (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).Yet, in both cases, when increasing the amount of zeolitic waste, the mixture tended to become "slower" and more viscous.The mixture including zeolitic waste would stop flowing on the measuring table in significantly greater time.This fact is also supported by significantly increasing flow time of the mixture.
Quite different results of rheology properties with fly ash replacement were observed.10% replacement by fly ash translated into higher slump flow (730 mm), compared to control mix (700), while higher replacement resulted in intense decrease of slump flow (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).However, the tendency of "slower" and more viscous mix remains similar to that of zeolitic waste (Fig. 15  lower).
The third phase of the investigation (mix C and mix F) was intended for investigating the complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber on technological properties of SCC mixture.In this case, steel fiber amount of 25 kg/m 3 was chosen, and mixtures containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement replacement by selected waste material were produced.Complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber zeolite Y. SP=2,5%.fly ash.SP=2,0%.
ith those mixtures, attempts to teel fiber on slump flow of the ying the Abhram's cone method mp flow test results, all mixes ents met the EN 206-9 specified sual stability index (VSI) values o (no evidence of segregation or idence of segregation and slight heen on the concrete mass) in 11.Since the water, aggregates, ntent were constant, the impact of replacement and amount of steel , slump flow time t 500 , and J-ring xture was tested by the threeto investigate the stability and xture.Slump flow of the mixture of steel fiber is presented in Fig.
ws that steel fiber decreases the s.ed in section 1 of this paper, the nthetic zeolite decreased the ich was compensated by using a increasingly higher amount of cement replaced by zeolitic waste, significant slump flow increase of the mixture was observed (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).Yet, in both cases, when increasing the amount of zeolitic waste, the mixture tended to become "slower" and more viscous.The mixture including zeolitic waste would stop flowing on the measuring table in significantly greater time.This fact is also supported by significantly increasing flow time of the mixture.
Quite different results of rheology properties with fly ash replacement were observed.10% replacement by fly ash translated into higher slump flow (730 mm), compared to control mix (700), while higher replacement resulted in intense decrease of slump flow (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).However, the tendency of "slower" and more viscous mix remains similar to that of zeolitic waste (Fig. 15  lower).
The third phase of the investigation (mix C and mix F) was intended for investigating the complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber on technological properties of SCC mixture.In this case, steel fiber amount of 25 kg/m 3 was chosen, and mixtures containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement replacement by selected waste material were produced.Complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber zeolite Y. SP=2,5%.fly ash.SP=2,0%.

Fig. 13
Upper: Dependency of slump flow of the nonfiber mixture on the type and amount of additive and superplasticizer.Lower: 25 kg/m 3 of steel fiber incorporation in the mix were between zero (no evidence of segregation or bleeding) and one (no evidence of segregation and slight bleeding observed as a sheen on the concrete mass) in accordance with ASTM C611.Since the water, aggregates, and chemical admixture content were constant, the impact of zeolitic waste and fly ash replacement and amount of steel fiber on flowability, density, slump flow time t 500 , and J-ring test results were recorded.
Stability of each mixture was tested by the three-cylinder method in order to investigate the stability and segregation of concrete mixture.Slump flow of the mixture dependency on the amount of steel fiber is presented in Fig. 12 (upper) which shows that steel fiber decreases the slump flow of both mixtures.
In many cases discussed in section 1 of this paper, the use of natural and synthetic zeolite decreased the workability of concrete which was compensated by using a higher amount of superplasticizer or VMA.The higher demand of superplasticizer in the concrete mixtures incorporating zeolite can be attributed to the porous and platy microstructure of zeolite (Najimi et al. 2012).
When using 2.0% of superplasticizer, slight decrease of slump flow of the mixture was observed, while in those mixtures including 2.5% of added plasticizer and increasingly higher amount of cement replaced by zeolitic waste, significant slump flow increase of the mixture was observed (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).Yet, in both cases, when increasing the amount of zeolitic waste, the mixture tended to become "slower" and more viscous.The mixture including zeolitic waste would stop flowing on the measuring table in significantly greater time.This

Compressive strength of concr
The results of compressiv SCFRC mixtures made with var waste and fly ash additives are in 17.The upper and lower bar gra compressive strength values after different replacement levels of s without the incorporation of ste expected increase of compressive 10% replacement by zeolitic waste both additives exhibit lower comp comparison to the control mix However, no gradual decrease of observed when replacement ratio 30%.Fig. 17 presents comparat results and percentage change incorporation of steel fiber, additives.In this case, the loss in samples with zeolitic waste and 21.8% respectively (see Fig. 17) cement content ratio also shows (see Table 3).fact is also supported by significantly increasing flow time of the mixture.
Quite different results of rheology properties with fly ash replacement were observed.10% replacement by fly ash translated into higher slump flow (730 mm), compared to control mix (700), while higher replacement resulted in intense decrease of slump flow (Fig. 13 upper and Fig. 15 upper).However, the tendency of "slower" and more viscous mix remains similar to that of zeolitic waste (Fig. 15 lower).
The third phase of the investigation (mix C and mix F) was intended for investigating the complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber on technological properties of SCC mixture.In this case, steel fiber amount of 25 kg/m 3 was chosen, and mixtures containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement replacement by selected waste material were produced.Complex effect of zeolitic waste and steel fiber on slump flow of the mixture was negative (Fig 13 lower and Fig. 14 lower).Zeolitic waste and fly ash showed an insignificant decreasing effect on concrete density, which can be attributed to their lower specific gravity in comparison with that of cement (3150 kg/m 3 ) (Fig. 12 lower and Fig. 14 upper).

Compressive strength of concrete samples
The results of compressive strength of SCC and SCFRC mixtures made with various contents of zeolitic waste and fly ash additives are included in Fig. 16 and Fig. 17.The upper and lower bar graphs in Fig. 16 show the compressive strength values after 90 days of curing when different replacement levels of selected additives with or without the incorporation of steel fiber were used.
No expected increase of compressive

Conclusions
In this investigation, fly ash additive is characterized by finer particles compared to spent zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst.However, despite contamination during the process of oil cracking and due to its porous structure, replacing cement by 30% of zeolitic waste, water demand in standard consistency paste increased by 20.3%, while in case of fly ash -9.0%.Despite that, mini cone slump flow of mortar test revealed better zeolitic waste flowability results, while fly ash did not show any significant increase under the same conditions.
Cement replacement by zeolitic waste and fly ash alters the rheological properties of the concrete quite differently.It was observed that when the amount of superplasticizer in the mixture was 2.0%, the slump flow of the mixtures was decreasing with increasing replacement level of fly ash and zeolitic waste additives, while when the amount of superplasticizer was 2.5%, an increase of slump flow of the zeolitic waste mixture was registered.Slump flow values of the concrete without zeolitic waste additive 700 mm, and with 30% of additive -790 mm were observed.Contrary to zeolitic waste, decreasing slump flow results with replacement level of 10%.Slump flo observed to be higher with increasing additives.Zeolitic waste exhibits slightly time t 500 propagation compared to fly ash.fly ash increased t 500 ratio from 1.16 to 3. non-fibered mixtures, respectively.It w zeolitic waste and fly ash, together wit steel fiber, increase in slump flow time The complex effect of selected additives the slump flow of the mixtures was fou according to the additive.Together zeoli fiber (25 kg/m 3 ) showed linear decrea while fly ash increased slump flow at rep 10% and 20%.
Examination of compressive stre cement paste where W/B ratio was equal t normal consistency after 28 days of c replacing 10% of cement by zeolitic wa increase of strength of 12.9% on avera additive did not show any positive change nor in 90 day compressive strength.20 zeolitic waste showed comparable com results to control mix.
When determining the compressiv hardened cement paste samples after 9 where W/B=const.(0.354), zeolitic waste results and probably higher pozzolani compressive strength losses were observ levels of 20% and 30%: -3,41 and -6 while fly ash additive -8,60 and -36,46 pozzolanic activity in comparison to ze also be proven by XRD investigation g Decrease level of the amount of portlandi with increasing fly ash replacement wa than zeolitic waste samples or even undist Shrinkage strain test in wet conditio in this investigation eliminating the component from the contraction process lower pozzolanic activity of fly ash bl discovered by other test in this paper, sh found to be lower when using the fly ash a Zeolitic waste and fly ash additi compressive strength values of the co comparison to control mixture (0% expected increase of compressive strengt 10% replacement of zeolitic waste was o no gradual decrease of compressive st when using both additives when replacem from 0% to 30%.On the contrary to mort exhibited lower relative decrease in comp tested replacement levels in samples wi incorporation of fiber.Besides, the hi strength / cement content ratio was found waste, 30% replacement sample.
Collectively, in terms of rheology catalytic cracking catalyst additive was attractive.Its ability to change the viscosi minimal interference to final slump fl increased compressive strength in comp additive, should receive more attention f manufacture aspects.

Conclusions
In this investigation, fly ash additive is characterized by finer particles compared to spent zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst.However, despite contamination during the process of oil cracking and due to its porous structure, replacing cement by 30% of zeolitic waste, water demand in standard consistency paste increased by 20.3%, while in case of fly ash -9.0%.Despite that, mini cone slump flow of mortar test revealed better zeolitic waste flowability results, while fly ash did not show any significant increase under the same conditions.
Cement replacement by zeolitic waste and fly ash alters the rheological properties of the concrete quite differently.It was observed that when the amount of superplasticizer in the mixture was 2.0%, the slump flow of the mixtures was decreasing with increasing replacement level of fly ash and zeolitic waste additives, while when the amount of superplasticizer was 2.5%, an increase of slump flow of the zeolitic waste mixture was registered.Slump flow values of the concrete without zeolitic waste additive 700 mm, and with 30% of additive -790 mm were observed.Contrary to zeolitic waste, decreasing slump flow results with replacement level of 10%.Slump flo observed to be higher with increasing additives.Zeolitic waste exhibits slightly time t 500 propagation compared to fly ash.fly ash increased t 500 ratio from 1.16 to 3. non-fibered mixtures, respectively.It w zeolitic waste and fly ash, together wit steel fiber, increase in slump flow time The complex effect of selected additives the slump flow of the mixtures was fou according to the additive.Together zeoli fiber (25 kg/m 3 ) showed linear decrea while fly ash increased slump flow at rep 10% and 20%.
Examination of compressive stre cement paste where W/B ratio was equal t normal consistency after 28 days of c replacing 10% of cement by zeolitic wa increase of strength of 12.9% on avera additive did not show any positive change nor in 90 day compressive strength.20 zeolitic waste showed comparable com results to control mix.
When determining the compressiv hardened cement paste samples after 9 where W/B=const.(0.354), zeolitic waste results and probably higher pozzolani compressive strength losses were observ levels of 20% and 30%: -3,41 and -6 while fly ash additive -8,60 and -36,46 pozzolanic activity in comparison to ze also be proven by XRD investigation g Decrease level of the amount of portlandi with increasing fly ash replacement wa than zeolitic waste samples or even undist Shrinkage strain test in wet conditio in this investigation eliminating the component from the contraction process lower pozzolanic activity of fly ash bl discovered by other test in this paper, sh found to be lower when using the fly ash a Zeolitic waste and fly ash additi compressive strength values of the co comparison to control mixture (0% expected increase of compressive strengt 10% replacement of zeolitic waste was o no gradual decrease of compressive st when using both additives when replacem from 0% to 30%.On the contrary to mort exhibited lower relative decrease in comp tested replacement levels in samples wi incorporation of fiber.Besides, the hi strength / cement content ratio was found waste, 30% replacement sample.
Collectively, in terms of rheology catalytic cracking catalyst additive was attractive.Its ability to change the viscosi minimal interference to final slump fl increased compressive strength in comp additive, should receive more attention f manufacture aspects.

Conclusions
In this investigation, fly ash additive is characterized by finer particles compared to spent zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst.However, despite contamination during the process of oil cracking and due to its porous structure, replacing cement by 30% of zeolitic waste, water demand in standard consistency paste increased by 20.3%, while in case of fly ash -9.0%.Despite that, mini cone slump flow of mortar test revealed better zeolitic waste flowability results, while fly ash did not show any significant increase under the same conditions.
Cement replacement by zeolitic waste and fly ash alters the rheological properties of the concrete quite differently.It was observed that when the amount of superplasticizer in the mixture was 2.0%, the slump flow of the mixtures was decreasing with increasing replacement level of fly ash and zeolitic waste additives, while when the amount of superplasticizer was 2.5%, an increase of slump flow of the zeolitic waste mixture was registered.Slump flow values of the concrete without zeolitic waste additive 700 mm, and with 30% of additive -790 mm were observed.Contrary to zeolitic waste, decreasing slump flow results with replacement level of 10%.Slump flo observed to be higher with increasing additives.Zeolitic waste exhibits slightly time t 500 propagation compared to fly ash.fly ash increased t 500 ratio from 1.16 to 3. non-fibered mixtures, respectively.It wa zeolitic waste and fly ash, together wit steel fiber, increase in slump flow time The complex effect of selected additives the slump flow of the mixtures was fou according to the additive.Together zeoli fiber (25 kg/m 3 ) showed linear decreas while fly ash increased slump flow at rep 10% and 20%.
Examination of compressive stren cement paste where W/B ratio was equal t normal consistency after 28 days of cu replacing 10% of cement by zeolitic wa increase of strength of 12.9% on avera additive did not show any positive change nor in 90 day compressive strength.20 zeolitic waste showed comparable com results to control mix.
When determining the compressiv hardened cement paste samples after 9 where W/B=const.(0.354), zeolitic waste results and probably higher pozzolani compressive strength losses were observ levels of 20% and 30%: -3,41 and -6 while fly ash additive -8,60 and -36,46 pozzolanic activity in comparison to ze also be proven by XRD investigation gi Decrease level of the amount of portlandi with increasing fly ash replacement was than zeolitic waste samples or even undist Shrinkage strain test in wet conditio in this investigation eliminating the component from the contraction process lower pozzolanic activity of fly ash bl discovered by other test in this paper, sh found to be lower when using the fly ash a Zeolitic waste and fly ash additi compressive strength values of the co comparison to control mixture (0% expected increase of compressive strengt 10% replacement of zeolitic waste was o no gradual decrease of compressive st when using both additives when replacem from 0% to 30%.On the contrary to mort exhibited lower relative decrease in comp tested replacement levels in samples wit incorporation of fiber.Besides, the hi strength / cement content ratio was found waste, 30% replacement sample.
Collectively, in terms of rheology catalytic cracking catalyst additive was attractive.Its ability to change the viscosi minimal interference to final slump fl increased compressive strength in comp additive, should receive more attention f manufacture aspects.

Conclusions
In this investigation, fly ash additive is characterized by finer particles compared to spent zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst.However, despite contamination during the process of oil cracking and due to its porous structure, replacing cement by 30% of zeolitic waste, water demand in standard consistency paste increased by 20.3%, while in case of fly ash -9.0%.Despite that, mini cone slump flow of mortar test revealed better zeolitic waste flowability results, while fly ash did not show any significant increase under the same conditions.
Cement replacement by zeolitic waste and fly ash alters the rheological properties of the concrete quite differently.It was observed that when the amount of superplasticizer in the mixture was 2.0%, the slump flow of the mixtures was decreasing with increasing replacement level of fly ash and zeolitic waste additives, while when the amount of superplasticizer was 2.5%, an increase of slump flow of the zeolitic waste mixture was registered.Slump flow values of the concrete without zeolitic waste additive 700 mm, and with 30% of additive -790 mm were observed.Contrary to zeolitic waste, decreasing slump flow results with replacement level of 10%.Slump flo observed to be higher with increasing additives.Zeolitic waste exhibits slightly time t 500 propagation compared to fly ash.fly ash increased t 500 ratio from 1.16 to 3. non-fibered mixtures, respectively.It wa zeolitic waste and fly ash, together with steel fiber, increase in slump flow time The complex effect of selected additives the slump flow of the mixtures was fou according to the additive.Together zeoli fiber (25 kg/m 3 ) showed linear decreas while fly ash increased slump flow at rep 10% and 20%.
Examination of compressive stren cement paste where W/B ratio was equal t normal consistency after 28 days of cu replacing 10% of cement by zeolitic wa increase of strength of 12.9% on avera additive did not show any positive change nor in 90 day compressive strength.20 zeolitic waste showed comparable com results to control mix.
When determining the compressiv hardened cement paste samples after 9 where W/B=const.(0.354), zeolitic waste results and probably higher pozzolani compressive strength losses were observ levels of 20% and 30%: -3,41 and -6, while fly ash additive -8,60 and -36,46 pozzolanic activity in comparison to ze also be proven by XRD investigation gi Decrease level of the amount of portlandi with increasing fly ash replacement was than zeolitic waste samples or even undist Shrinkage strain test in wet conditio in this investigation eliminating the w component from the contraction process lower pozzolanic activity of fly ash bl discovered by other test in this paper, sh found to be lower when using the fly ash a Zeolitic waste and fly ash additi compressive strength values of the co comparison to control mixture (0% r expected increase of compressive strengt 10% replacement of zeolitic waste was o no gradual decrease of compressive st when using both additives when replacem from 0% to 30%.On the contrary to mort exhibited lower relative decrease in comp tested replacement levels in samples wit incorporation of fiber.Besides, the hig strength / cement content ratio was found waste, 30% replacement sample. Collectively, in terms of rheology catalytic cracking catalyst additive was attractive.Its ability to change the viscosi minimal interference to final slump fl increased compressive strength in comp additive, should receive more attention f manufacture aspects.strength value at level of 10% replacement by zeolitic waste was observed.Generally, both additives exhibit lower compressive strength values in comparison to the control mixture (0% replacement).However, no gradual decrease of compressive strength was observed when replacement ratio was increased from 0 to 30%.Fig. 17 presents comparative compressive strength results and percentage change without and with the incorporation of steel fiber, respectively, with both additives.In this case, the loss in compressive strength of samples with zeolitic waste and fly ash was 12.5% and 21.8% respectively (see Fig. 17).Compressive strength / cement content ratio also shows clear pozzolanic activity (see Table 3).
In this investigation, fly ash additive is characterized by finer particles compared to spent zeolitic catalytic cracking catalyst.However, despite contamination during the process of oil cracking and due to its porous structure, replacing cement by 30% of zeolitic waste, water demand in standard consistency paste increased by 20.3%, while in case of fly ash -9.0%.Despite that, mini cone slump flow of mortar test revealed better zeolitic waste flowability results, while fly ash did not show any significant increase under the same conditions.
Cement replacement by zeolitic waste and fly ash alters the rheological properties of the concrete quite differently.It was observed that when the amount of superplasticizer in the mixture was 2.0%, the slump flow of the mixtures was decreasing with increasing replacement level of fly ash and zeolitic waste additives, while when the amount of superplasticizer was 2.5%, an increase of slump flow of the zeolitic waste mixture was registered.Slump flow values of the concrete without zeolitic waste additive 700 mm, and with 30% of additive -790 mm were observed.Contrary to zeolitic waste, fly ash showed decreasing slump flow results with an exception at replacement level of 10%.Slump flow time t 500 was observed to be higher with increasing of both selected additives.Zeolitic waste exhibits slightly greater slump flow time t 500 propagation compared to fly ash.Zeolitic waste and fly ash increased t 500 ratio from 1.16 to 3.72 and 3.22 sec. in non-fibered mixtures, respectively.It was also found that zeolitic waste and fly ash, together with incorporation of steel fiber, increase in slump flow time at similar manner.The complex effect of selected additives and steel fiber on the slump flow of the mixtures was found to be different according to the additive.Together zeolitic waste and steel fiber (25 kg/m 3 ) showed linear decrease in slump flow, while fly ash increased slump flow at replacement levels of 10% and 20%.
Examination of compressive strength of hardened cement paste where W/B ratio was equal to water demand of normal consistency after 28 days of curing showed that replacing 10% of cement by zeolitic waste resulted in an increase of strength of 12.9% on average, while fly ash additive did not show any positive change neither in 28 day, nor in 90 day compressive strength.20% replacement of zeolitic waste showed comparable compressive strength results to control mix.

Fig. 1 .Fig. 3 .
Fig. 2 "Suttard" viscometer results for slump flow of mortars depending on the amount of selected additives

Fig. 1 .Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3Water demand of normal consistency depending on the amount of selected additives

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Compressive strength of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive.W/B ratio of water demand for paste of normal consistency was used.

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Compressive strength (and change) of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive after 90 days of curing when W/B=const.(0.350)

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Shrinkage strain graph of samples prepared by means of partial replacement of cement by zeolitic waste material.Wet conditions. Fig.8

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Compressive strength of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive.W/B ratio of water demand for paste of normal consistency was used.

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Compressive strength (and change) of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive after 90 days of curing when W/B=const.(0.350)

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Shrinkage strain graph of samples prepared by means of partial replacement of cement by zeolitic waste material.Wet conditions.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Compressive strength of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive.W/B ratio of water demand for paste of normal consistency was used.

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Compressive strength (and change) of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive after 90 days of curing when W/B=const.(0.350)

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Shrinkage strain graph of samples prepared by means of partial replacement of cement by zeolitic waste material.Wet conditions.
Fig. 9Compressive strength (and change) of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive after 90 days of curing when W/B=const.(0.350)

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Compressive strength of hardened cement paste partly replaced by additive.W/B ratio of water demand for paste of normal consistency was used.
Fig. 11Shrinkage strain graph of samples prepared by means of partial replacement of cement by fly ash.Wet conditions Amount of additive, % zeolite Y. SP=2,0%.

Fig. 14 .
Fig. 14.Upper: Dependency of concrete mix density on the type, amount of additive (replacement) and incorporation of steel fiber.Lower: Dependency of slump flow on the type, amount of additive (replacement) and incorporation of steel fiber.

Fig. 15 .
Fig. 15.Upper: Dependency of slump on the amount of additive (replacemen kg/m 3. Lower: the flow time t 500 on am fiber content.

Fig. 16 .
Fig. 16.Upper: compressive strength samples with cement partly replaced b with cement partly replaced by fly ash

Fig. 17 .
Fig.17.Upper: compressive strength of hardened non fiber concrete samples with cement partly replaced by additive.Lower: plus steel fiber -25 kg/m 3 .Table3.Comparison of compressive strength / cement content ratio of the samples.

Fig. 17 .
Fig.17.Upper: compressive strength of hardened non fiber concrete samples with cement partly replaced by additive.Lower: plus steel fiber -25 kg/m 3 .Table3.Comparison of compressive strength / cement content ratio of the samples.

Table 2 .
Chemical composition and physical properties of fly ash, synthetic zeolite and Portland cement.

Table 2 .
Chemical composition and physical properties of fly ash, synthetic zeolite and Portland cement.

Table 2 .
Chemical composition and physical properties of fly ash, synthetic zeolite and Portland cement.

Table 3 .
Comparison of compressive strength / cement content ratio of the samples.

Table 3 .
Comparison of compressive strength / cement content ratio of the samples.

Table 3 .
Comparison of compressive strength / cement content ratio of the samples.

Table 3 .
Comparison of compressive strength / cement content ratio of the samples.