Air Permeability Tests of Masonry Structures

To date, the assurance of sufficient building‘s air tightness remains a problematic issue, because it is linked not only to the right technology solution selection and quality work, but also to the building envelope air permeability properties. Typically, when modelling building energy demand, it is considered that the building envelope is impermeable to air. Nevertheless, this claim is unjustified. Studies have shown that building materials are porous. However, there is no evidence how air permeability changes through the masonry construction, when it is heterogeneous. Therefore, this work is to determine the air permeability of the various types of masonry construction, also assessing the technological masonry aspects, determine the air permeability rate and evaluate the results obtained in the analysis by providing recommendations.


Introduction
sufficiently examined.There is no evidence how air permeability changes through heterogeneous masonry construction.Masonry and masonry joints material macrostructure can be different.Furthermore, when examining the air permeability of the masonry structure it is important to assess the masonry joints installation technology (EN-998-2: A 2003ST 121895674.06:2009).Modern masonry technologies can be only applied when installing horizontal masonry joints.Vertical non-installation of masonry joints can significantly increase air circulation and thus the total building heat loss.
Therefore, this work is to determine the air permeability of the various types of masonry construction, also assessing the technological masonry aspects, determine the leakage rate and evaluate the results obtained in the analysis by providing recommendations.

Methods
For the research, a variety of material fragments of masonry structures was selected, and then formed as specimens.There were 10 specimens for each type of construction.Masonry construction fragment was inserted into the different size wooden frame.The interface between the timber frame and masonry was sealed with a silicone core.Taking into account the recommendations of masonry constructions (ST 121895674.06:2009),vertical masonry joints were not installed to masonry structures of calcium silicate, expanded clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) and ceramic tiles.The technical characteristics of the test specimens can be found in Table 1.
Air permeability measurements of building partitions specimens were determined by the air bandwidth device "KS 3025/45 ASD SPS Touch" (Fig. 1).
During the measurement, the measuring chamber was supplied with air, causing the pressure difference between the camera's internal and external sides, which were separated by specimen.The experiment was designed to determine the amount of air leakage of the specimen, while changing the pressure from 10 to 100 Pa according to standard EN 13829 "Determination of air permeability of buildings".Air leakage rate per specimen area at the tests reference pressure difference was 50 Pa.
In order to determine the air permeability of 1 m² construction area, specimen air permeability VA was calculated using the following formula (1): where: V 0 -air speed through the specimen in m³/h; S -area of the specimen, m².(1) (1) here: V 0 -air speed through the specimen in m³/h; S -area f the specimen, m².Table 1 Technical characteristics of masonry structures specimens One-factor ANOVA has been used in order to determine impact of the joints installation technologies on air permeability of masonry structures.Dependent variable is a masonry design air permeability V A , which depends on the masonry joints installation factors: the installation of only the horizontal joint H and installing horizontal and vertical joints HV (Formula 2).
Specimens No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 One-factor ANOVA has been used in order to determine impact of the joints installation technologies on air permeability of masonry structures.Dependent variable is a masonry design air permeability V A , which depends on the masonry joints installation factors: the installation of only the horizontal joint H and installing horizontal and vertical joints HV (Formula 2).
(2) Thus, measurements were obtained for air permeability of masonry structures made from calcium silicate, expanded clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) and ceramic tiles with and without installed vertical masonry joints.For the purposes of onefactor ANOVA, the specimen means of the results obtained were compared with each other.All samples values had n = 10.Structured i-th specimen of the j-th observation V A,ij statistical model is quoted as follows (Formula 3) (3) where: V A,ij -i-th masonry construction air permeability average; e ij -random error; -the total air permeability average of all tested type masonry constructions (total average); -the difference of i-th masonry construction air permeability average and total average.
In order to determine joint layout and filling influence on air permeability of the masonry structure, the following hypotheses were tested (Formula 4):

Air flow
Air flow sensors: 0 -50 m³; 50 -300 m³ Fig. 1 The scheme of air permeability determination device Thus, measurements were obtained for air permeability of masonry structures made from calcium silicate, expanded clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) and ceramic tiles with and without installed vertical masonry joints.For the (2) Thus, measurements were obtained for air permeability of masonry structures made from calcium silicate, expanded clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) and ceramic tiles with and without installed vertical masonry joints.For the purposes of onefactor ANOVA, the specimen means of the results obtained were compared with each other.All samples values had n = 10.Structured i-th specimen of the j-th observation V A,ij statistical model is quoted as follows (Formula 3) where: V A,ij -i-th masonry construction air permeability average; e ij -random error; ܸ ത -the total air permeability average of all tested type masonry constructions (total average); ∆ܸ ത , -the difference of i-th masonry construction air permeability average and total average.
In order to determine joint layout and filling influence on air permeability of the masonry structure, the following hypotheses were tested (Formula 4): In order to determine joint layout and filling influence on air permeability of the masonry structure, the following hypotheses were tested (Formula 4): The null hypothesis H 0 states that the vertical joints of masonry installation do not affect the air permeability of the masonry structure.H 1 hypothesis states that at least two specimen averages are different.The following formula is used to verify both assumptions (formula 5): where: V A,ij -i-th masonry construction air permeability average; e ij -random error; (3) Thus, measurements were obtained for air permeability of masonry structures made from calcium silicate, expanded clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) and ceramic tiles with and without installed vertical masonry joints.For the purposes of onefactor ANOVA, the specimen means of the results obtained were compared with each other.All samples values had n = 10.Structured i-th specimen of the j-th observation V A,ij statistical model is quoted as follows (Formula 3) where: V A,ij -i-th masonry construction air permeability average; e ij -random error; ܸ ത -the total air permeability average of all tested type masonry constructions (total average); ∆ܸ ത , -the difference of i-th masonry construction air permeability average and total average.
In order to determine joint layout and filling influence on air permeability of the masonry structure, the following hypotheses were tested (Formula 4): purposes of one-factor ANOVA, the specimen means of the results obtained were compared with each other.All samples values had n = 10.Structured i-th specimen of the j-th observation V A,ij statistical model is quoted as follows (Formula 3) The null hypothesis H 0 states that the vertical joints of masonry installation do not affect the air permeability of the masonry structure.H 1 hypothesis states that at least two specimen averages are different.The following formula is used to verify both assumptions (formula 5): where: F -test statistic; N -statistical array.9 3,0 1,4  38,1  3,0  90  82,3 24,3  65,1 3,1 1,5  40,5  3,1 where: F -test statistic; N -statistical array. (5) The null hypothesis H 0 states that the vertical joints of masonry installation do not affect the air permeability of the masonry structure.H 1 hypothesis states that at least two specimen averages are different.The following formula is used to verify both assumptions (formula 5): where: F -test statistic; N -statistical array.The level of significance was α = 0.05.This size is chosen so that the first type of error equal to α.The probability that the criterion of F statistics is not less than  9 3,0 1,4  38,1  3  90  82,3 24,3  65,1 3,1 1,5  40,5  3  101  90,1 26,3  67,3 3,7 1,6  43,1  3 Minimum air flow through the masonry const The null hypothesis H 0 states that the vertical joints of masonry installation do not affect the air permeability of the masonry structure.H 1 hypothesis states that at least two specimen averages are different.The following formula is used to verify both assumptions (formula 5): where: F -test statistic; N -statistical array.The level of significance was α = 0.05.This size is chosen so that the first type of error equal to α.The probability that the criterion of F statistics is not less than the observed realization t, expressed in pvalue of p = P (T ≥ t), where H 0 is correct Thus, measurements were obtained for air permeability of masonry structures made from calcium silicate, expanded clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) and ceramic tiles with and without installed vertical masonry joints.For the purposes of onefactor ANOVA, the specimen means of the results obtained were compared with each other.All samples values had n = 10.Structured i-th specimen of the j-th observation V A,ij statistical model is quoted as follows (Formula 3) where: V A,ij -i-th masonry construction air permeability average; e ij -random error; ܸ ത -the total air permeability average of all tested type masonry constructions (total average); ∆ܸ ത , -the difference of i-th masonry construction air permeability average and total average.
In order to determine joint layout and filling influence on air permeability of the masonry structure, the following hypotheses were tested (Formula 4): Air flow Air flow sensors: 0 -50 m³; 50 -300 m³ -the total air permeability average of all tested type masonry constructions (total average); ) and ceramic tiles with and without installed vertical masonry joints.For the purposes of onefactor ANOVA, the specimen means of the results obtained were compared with each other.All samples values had n = 10.Structured i-th specimen of the j-th observation V A,ij statistical model is quoted as follows (Formula 3) where: V A,ij -i-th masonry construction air permeability average; e ij -random error; ܸ ത -the total air permeability average of all tested type masonry constructions (total average); ∆ܸ ത , -the difference of i-th masonry construction air permeability average and total average.
In order to determine joint layout and filling influence on air permeability of the masonry structure, the following hypotheses were tested (Formula 4): Air flow Air flow sensors: 0 -50 m³; 50 -300 m³ -the difference of i-th masonry construction air permeability average and total average.The level of significance was α = 0.05.This size is chosen so that the first type of error equal to α.The probability that the criterion of F statistics is not less than the observed realization t, expressed in p -value of p = P (T ≥ t), where H 0 is correct The hypothesis H 0 is rejected if the p-value < α(H 1 is favoured, not all means are equal).Otherwise, H 0 is favoured (p-value ≥ α) .
In order to determine which of masonry structures air permeability specimen averages are significantly different, One-factor ANOVA has been used in order to determine impact of the joints installation technologies on air permeability of masonry structures.Dependent variable is a masonry design air permeability V A , which depends on the masonry joints installation factors: the installation of only the horizontal joint H and installing horizontal and vertical joints HV (Formula 2).Thus, measurements w of masonry structures made clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) and installed vertical masonry j factor ANOVA, the specime were compared with each ot 10.Structured i-th specime statistical model is quoted as where: V A,ij -i-t permeability average; e ijpermeability average of constructions (total averag masonry construction air p average.
In order to determine j on air permeability of the m hypotheses were tested (Form Fig. 2 The view of masonry structure specimen "Bonferroni correction post hoc" test was used, based on the so-called Q Stjudent distance statistic were applied.Averages The null hypothesis H 0 states that the vertical joints of masonry installation do not affect the air permeability of the masonry structure.H 1 hypothesis states that at least two specimen averages are different.The following formula is used to verify both assumptions (formula 5): where: F -test statistic; N -statistical array.The level of significance was α = 0.05.This size is chosen so that the first type of error equal to α.The probability that the criterion of F statistics is not less than the observed realization t, expressed in pvalue of p = P (T ≥ t), where H 0 is correct The hypothesis In order to determine which of masonry structures air permeability specimen averages are significantly different, "Bonferroni correction post hoc" test was used, based on the so-called Q Stjudent distance statistic were applied.
where: TSD -"Bonferroni correction post hoc" test; MSW -unbiased (inner) estimator of dispersion; Q a -the critical value of Q statistic's α level; n -the size of the sample.

Results
In order to determine the amount of air flow through the fragments of masonry construction, air permeability test was carried out.Average air flow values are given in Table 2.
From the results shown in Table 2, it can be observed that the greatest air flow occurred in specimens made from expanded clay blocks (No. 1 and No. 3), at 50 Pa pressure difference an average air flow was 44.5 m³/h and 56.9 m³/h respectively.The density of the specimens was the same ρ = 650 kg/m 3 , but the installation of masonry joints was different: specimen no. 1 had horizontal masonry joints installed, specimens no. 3 had both horizontal and vertical masonry joints installed.Masonry installation technology has resulted in different air flow performance.If vertical masonry joints are not installed, air flow through the wall structure increases.,3 24,3  65,1 3,1 1,5  40,5  3,1 4,0  101  90,1 26,3  67,3 3,7 1,6  43,1  3,7 4,7 Minimum air flow through the masonry construction is observed in those specimen made from aerated concrete blocks (No. 5), with an average air flow of 0.8 m³/h at 50 Pa pressure difference.These brick structures were sealed with mortar joints both vertically and horizontally.
Also measurements showed that the average air flow rate at 50 Pa pressure difference through the wall structure of calcium silicate blocks (specimen No. 4) is 2.3 m³/h, and the ceramic tiles stone (specimen No. 6) -27.3 m³/h.These brick structures were equipped with only horizontal masonry joints.
All measured masonry structures specimens' air permeability, changing the pressure difference, is shown in Figure 3.The pressure difference ∆P, Pa The null hypothesis H 0 states that the vertical joints of masonry installation do not affect the air permeability of the masonry structure.H 1 hypothesis states that at least two specimen averages are different.The following formula is used to verify both assumptions (formula 5): where: F -test statistic; N -statistical array.The level of significance was α = 0.05.This size is chosen so that the first type of error equal to α.The probability that the criterion of F statistics is not less than the observed realization t, expressed in pvalue of p = P (T ≥ t), where H 0 is correct The hypothesis H 0 is rejected if the p-value < α (H 1 is favoured, not all means are equal).Otherwise, H 0 is favoured (p-value ≥ α) .
In order to determine which of masonry structures air permeability specimen averages are significantly different, "Bonferroni correction post hoc" test was used, based on the so-called Q Stjudent distance statistic were applied.
where: TSD -"Bonferroni correction post hoc" test; MSW -unbiased (inner) estimator of dispersion; Q a -the critical value of Q statistic's α level; n -the size of the sample.

Results
In order to determine the amount of air flow through the fragments of masonry construction, air permeability test was carried out.Average air flow values are given in Table 2.
From the results shown in Table 2, it can be observed that the greatest air flow occurred in specimens made from expanded clay blocks (No. 1 and No. 3), at 50 Pa pressure difference an average air flow was 44.5 m³/h and 56.9 m³/h respectively.The density of the specimens was the same ρ = 650 kg/m 3 , but the installation of masonry joints was different: specimen no. 1 had horizontal masonry joints installed, specimens no. 3 had both horizontal and vertical masonry joints installed.Masonry installation technology has resulted in different air flow performance.If vertical masonry joints are not installed, air flow through the wall structure increases.Minimum air flow through the masonry construction is observed in those specimen made from aerated concrete blocks (No. 5), with an average air flow of 0.8 m³/h at 50 Pa pressure difference.These brick structures were sealed with mortar joints both vertically and horizontally.
Also measurements showed that the average air flow rate at 50 Pa pressure difference through the wall structure of calcium silicate blocks (specimen No. 4) is 2.3 m³/h, and the ceramic tiles stone (specimen No. 6) -27.3 m³/h.These brick structures were equipped with only horizontal masonry joints.
All measured masonry structures specimens' air permeability, changing the pressure difference, is shown in Figure 3.The null hypothesis H 0 states that the vertical joints of masonry installation do not affect the air permeability of the masonry structure.H 1 hypothesis states that at least two specimen averages are different.The following formula is used to verify both assumptions (formula 5): where: F -test statistic; N -statistical array.The level of significance was α = 0.05.This size is chosen so that the first type of error equal to α.The probability that the criterion of F statistics is not less than the observed realization t, expressed in pvalue of p = P (T ≥ t), where H 0 is correct The hypothesis H 0 is rejected if the p-value < α (H 1 is favoured, not all means are equal).Otherwise, H 0 is favoured (p-value ≥ α) .
In order to determine which of masonry structures air permeability specimen averages are significantly different, "Bonferroni correction post hoc" test was used, based on the so-called Q Stjudent distance statistic were applied.
where: TSD -"Bonferroni correction post hoc" test; MSW -unbiased (inner) estimator of dispersion; Q a -the critical value of Q statistic's α level; n -the size of the sample.

Results
In order to determine the amount of air flow through the fragments of masonry construction, air permeability test was carried out.Average air flow values are given in Table 2.
From the results shown in Table 2, it can be observed that the greatest air flow occurred in specimens made from expanded clay blocks (No. 1 and No. 3), at 50 Pa pressure difference an average air flow was 44.5 m³/h and 56.9 m³/h respectively.The density of the specimens was the same ρ = 650 kg/m 3 , but the installation of masonry joints was different: specimen no. 1 had horizontal masonry joints installed, specimens no. 3 had both horizontal and vertical masonry joints installed.Masonry installation technology has resulted in different air flow performance.If vertical masonry joints are not installed, air flow through the wall structure increases.,3 24,3  65,1 3,1 1,5  40,5  3,1 4,0  101  90,1 26,3  67,3 3,7 1,6  43,1  3,7 4,7 Minimum air flow through the masonry construction is observed in those specimen made from aerated concrete blocks (No. 5), with an average air flow of 0.8 m³/h at 50 Pa pressure difference.These brick structures were sealed with mortar joints both vertically and horizontally.
Also measurements showed that the average air flow rate at 50 Pa pressure difference through the wall structure of calcium silicate blocks (specimen No. 4) is 2.3 m³/h, and the ceramic tiles stone (specimen No. 6) -27.3 m³/h.These brick structures were equipped with only horizontal masonry joints.
All measured masonry structures specimens' air permeability, changing the pressure difference, is shown in Figure 3.In order to determine the amount of air flow through the fragments of masonry construction, air permeability test was carried out.Average air flow values are given in Table 2.  Minimum air flow through the masonry construction is observed in those specimen made from aerated concrete blocks (No. 5), with an average air flow of 0.8 m³/h at 50 Pa pressure difference.These brick structures were sealed with mortar joints both vertically and horizontally.

ΔP
Also measurements showed that the average air flow rate at 50 Pa pressure difference through the wall structure of calcium silicate blocks (specimen No. 4) is 2.3 m³/h, and the ceramic tiles stone (specimen No. 6) -27.3 m³/h.These brick structures were equipped with only horizontal masonry joints.
All measured masonry structures specimens' air permeability, changing the pressure difference, is shown in Figure 3.The analysis of masonry installation technologies on the specimen air permeability suggested that the air flow depends on the arrangement of the masonry joints and filling.Changing the pressure difference and changing the masonry joints technology, air permeability results through masonry specimens are presented in the figures 4, 5 and 6.
Masonry specimens of expanded clay blocks had the same density ρ = 650 kg/m 3 , but the installation of masonry joints was different: specimen no. 1 had vertical masonry joints installed, specimen no. 3 had both horizontal and vertical masonry joints were installed.Masonry installation technology has led to different results.When vertical masonry joints are not installed, air tightness through the wall structure reduces.Specimen no. 1 air permeability at 50 Pa pressure difference was V A = 98,7 m³/h•m², and specimen Nr. 3 -V A = 73,6 m³/h•m².The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.06 is greater than significance level of 0.05, so we reject the hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality.Parameter V A averages are significantly different.In the masonry construction of expanded clay blocks, the installation of vertical joints affects the air permeability of construction.  .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is greate than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept th hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equality Parameter V A mean differences were not significan Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical join installation does not affect the air permeability of th construction.
Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks ha different installation joins: specimen No.6 had vertic installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal an vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference a permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and No -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than th significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of a permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter V averages are significantly different.In the masonr construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation affe the overall air permeability of construction.
"Bonferroni application of a post hoc" test (6, 7, formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic tile V A average is statistically significantly different from th other masonry structures air permeability values studied i this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is les than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessmen of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type graphically displayed on the graph (Fig. 7).masonry joints technology, air permeability results through masonry specimens are presented in the figures 4, 5 and 6.
Masonry specimens of expanded clay blocks had the same density ρ = 650 kg/m 3 , but the installation of masonry joints was different: specimen no. 1 had vertical masonry joints installed, specimen no. 3 had both horizontal and vertical masonry joints were installed.Masonry installation technology has led to different results.When vertical masonry joints are not installed, air tightness through the wall structure reduces.Specimen no. 1 air permeability at 50 Pa pressure difference was V A = 98,7 m³/h•m², and specimen Nr. 3 -V A = 73,6 m³/h•m².The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.06 is greater than significance level of 0.05, so we reject the hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality.Parameter V A averages are significantly different.In the masonry construction of expanded clay blocks, the installation of vertical joints affects the air permeability of construction.  .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is grea than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equal Parameter V A mean differences were not significa Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical joi installation does not affect the air permeability of construction.
Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks h different installation joins: specimen No.6 had verti installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal a vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and N -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter averages are significantly different.In the mason construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation aff the overall air permeability of construction.
"Bonferroni application of a post hoc" test (6, 7 formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic ti V A average is statistically significantly different from other masonry structures air permeability values studied this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is l than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessm of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type graphically displayed on the graph (Fig. 7).
All measured masonry structures specimens' air permeability, changing the pressure difference, is shown in Figure 3.      .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is greater than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept the hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equality.Parameter V A mean differences were not significant.Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical joints installation does not affect the air permeability of the construction.

The results in
Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks had different installation joins: specimen No.6 had vertical installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal and vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference air permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and No.8 -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter V A averages are significantly different.In the masonry construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation affect the overall air permeability of construction.
"Bonferroni application of a post hoc" test (6, 7, 8 formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic tiles V A average is statistically significantly different from the other masonry structures air permeability values studied in this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessment of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type is ology has led to different results.When vertical nry joints are not installed, air tightness through the structure reduces.Specimen no. 1 air permeability at 50 essure difference was V A = 98,7 m³/h•m², and specimen -V A = 73,6 m³/h•m².The estimated F-statistic p-value 6 is greater than significance level of 0.05, so we reject ypothesis of air permeability values mean equality.eter V A averages are significantly different.In the nry construction of expanded clay blocks, the llation of vertical joints affects the air permeability of ruction.Specimens of silicate masonry blocks joints llation differed: specimen no. 4 had vertical masonry installed; specimen no.7 had both horizontal and al masonry joints installed. .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is greater than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept the hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equality.Parameter V A mean differences were not significant.Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical joints installation does not affect the air permeability of the construction.
Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks had different installation joins: specimen No.6 had vertical installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal and vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference air permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and No.8 -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter V A averages are significantly different.In the masonry construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation affect the overall air permeability of construction.
"Bonferroni application of a post hoc" test (6, 7, 8 formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic tiles V A average is statistically significantly different from the other masonry structures air permeability values studied in this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessment of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type is graphically displayed on the graph (Fig. 7).The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter V A averages are significantly different.In the masonry construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation affect the overall air permeability of construction.
"Bonferroni application of a post hoc" test (6, 7, 8 formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic tiles V A average is statistically significantly different from the other masonry structures air permeability values studied in this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessment of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type is graphically displayed on the graph (Fig. 7).
The study of air permeability through various types of masonry construction suggests that the air tightness of the construction affects the material macrostructure.Macrostructure nature is characterized by small and large pore ratio, pore degree of openness and the capillary number connecting them.
Macrostructure is one of the key determinants that stipulates the cellular concrete properties.Porous concrete macrostructure is formed in its production (formation) process and fixated binder hydration.It is a fine-grained structure, although the predominant pore diameter of about 3 mm, but it is closed-cell system.Therefore, the porous concrete structure is tight enough for air flow at In this paper studied ceramic tiles and calcium silicate blocks macrostructure is a fine-grained, with a porosity of 20% and 30% (Kumaoka, 2000).Evaluating from the air permeability aspect, the results show that the structure of the ceramic brick and calcium silicate blocks are sufficiently tight.
In summary, the above described masonry structures are sufficiently airtight, but the analysis of the resulting air permeability through masonry structures studied results show that there is air flow.This small air movement can be explained by the fact that the masonry structure is heterogeneous and the resulting micro-cracks within the concrete blocks and masonry joints installed, at a differential pressure, air movement conditions occur.
The analysis of air permeability through the masonry construction of expanded clay block values shows that in this case the air permeability value is the most different from the other air permeability values of masonry structures tested in this work .This was a result of coarse material structure of expanded clay blocks, which is characterized by open porosity and capillary system.This conclusion is further strengthened by the air permeability results obtained from different density expanded clay blocks: masonry construction of low density (ρ = 650 kg/m 3 ) expanded clay blocks air permeability at 50 Pa pressure difference was between V A = 73.6 m³/h•m 2 ; and masonry construction of higher density (ρ = 883 kg/m3) expanded clay blocks air permeability at 50 Pa pressure difference, V A = 24.1 m³/h•m 2 .The same coarse-grained materials, but different densities of air permeability values varied about 3 times.This has resulted in pore diameter size, degree of openness and capillary number connecting them.
Masonry is a heterogeneous material and air permeability depends not only on the block macrostructure, but also on the masonry joints nature and technology.The analysis of the differences between the masonry structures, which have been equipped with only horizontal masonry joints, and masonry structures, which had both horizontal and vertical joints installed, showed that masonry structures, only with vertical masonry joints had air permeability results higher.Measurements showed that the masonry of the expanded clay blocks, installing vertical joints can reduce the air permeability about 3 times and the masonry of ceramic tiles -10 times.Meanwhile, the masonry of silicate blocks vertical joints installation influence the design air permeability negligibly.This can be explained by the fact that during masonry, when putting blocks next to each other, small gaps are formed.The latter is a result from defects in the block and size variations, uneven rows of masonry, the block tie inaccuracy.Masonry construction rules (ST 121895674.06:2009)requires this type of exterior surface covered with plaster.However, the layer of plaster, exposed to various adverse climatic factors during the operation, loses its protective function and a masonry structure becomes permeable to air and inefficient from thermal point of view.
In this paper obtained masonry structures air permeability analysis of the results shows that building envelope air permeability depends on the masonry structure of the material and the installation of the masonry technology.
Building envelope air permeability measurements showed that the construction of the masonry expanded clay blocks (because of coarse macrostructure) were 70-90% more air permeable than other masonry structures investigated in this work.It is necessary to protect masonry structures from expanded clay blocks against adverse external climatic factors (wind, rain) by plastering the surfaces.
The analysis of masonry installation technologies on the specimen air permeability suggests that the air flow depends on the arrangement of the masonry joints and installation.The study found that for the masonry of the ceramic blocks, installation of horizontal and vertical joints can reduce the specimen air permeability 10 times comparing the structure only with vertical installation joins.Despite the masonry structures of ceramic tiles outer surface covered with plaster, it is recommended to install vertical and horizontal masonry joints.

Fig. 1 .Fig. 2 .
Fig. 1.The scheme of air permeability determination device were obtained for air permeability of masonry structures made from calcium silicate, expanded clay (ρ = 650 kg/m 3

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The scheme of air permeability determination device , are statistically significantly different, according to 6, 7, 8 formulas: where: TSD -"Bonferroni correction post hoc" test;MSW -unbiased (inner) estimator of dispersion;Q a -the critical value of Q statistic's α level; n -the size of the sample.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Air permeability measurement results of masonry structures specimens by changing pressure difference

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Air permeability measurement results of masonry structures specimens by changing pressure difference

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Air permeability measurement results of expanded clay masonry structure blocks (No. 1 and 3) by changing pressure difference and masonry joins technology.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Air permeability measurement results of ceramic mason structure blocks (No. 6 and 8) by changing installation technology Specimen no. 4 air permeability at 50 Pa pressur difference was 5.5 m³/h •m ², and the specimen no.7 -4 m³/h •m 2. The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is greate than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept th hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equality Parameter V A mean differences were not significan Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical join installation does not affect the air permeability of th construction.Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks ha different installation joins: specimen No.6 had vertic installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal an vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference a permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and No -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than th significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of a permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter V averages are significantly different.In the masonr construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation affe the overall air permeability of construction."Bonferroniapplication of a post hoc" test (6, 7, formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic tile V A average is statistically significantly different from th other masonry structures air permeability values studied i this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is les than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessmen of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type graphically displayed on the graph (Fig.7).

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Air permeability measurement results of expanded clay masonry structure blocks (No. 1 and 3) by changing pressure difference and masonry joins technology.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Air permeability measurement results of ceramic maso structure blocks (No. 6 and 8) by changing installation technolo Specimen no. 4 air permeability at 50 Pa press difference was 5.5 m³/h •m ², and the specimen no.7 -m³/h •m 2. The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is grea than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equal Parameter V A mean differences were not significa Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical joi installation does not affect the air permeability of construction.Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks h different installation joins: specimen No.6 had verti installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal a vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and N -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter averages are significantly different.In the mason construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation aff the overall air permeability of construction."Bonferroniapplication of a post hoc" test (6, 7 formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic ti V A average is statistically significantly different from other masonry structures air permeability values studied this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is l than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessm of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type graphically displayed on the graph (Fig.7).
Figure 3 shows that least airtight specimens at a 50 Pa pressure difference were masonry structure of expanded clay blocks (no. 1, no. 2 and no. 3) with an air permeability of 98.7 m³/h•m 2 , 24.1 m³/h •m 2 and 73.6 m³/h• m 2 .The most airtight specimens were of aerated concrete blocks (No.5, V A = 1,2 m³/h•m²), silicate masonry blocks (No.7, V A = 5,5 m³/h•m² and No.4, V A = 4,6 m³/h•m²) and ceramic blocks (No.8, V A = 3,5 m³/h•m²).The analysis of masonry installation technologies on the specimen air permeability suggested that the air flow depends on the arrangement of the masonry joints and filling.Changing the pressure difference and changing the masonry joints technology, air permeability results through masonry specimens are presented in the figures 4, 5 and 6.Masonry specimens of expanded clay blocks had the same density ρ = 650 kg/m 3 , but the installation of masonry joints was different: specimen no. 1 had vertical masonry joints installed, specimen no. 3 had both horizontal and vertical masonry joints were installed.Masonry installation technology has led to different results.When vertical masonry joints are not installed, air tightness through the wall structure reduces.Specimen no. 1 air permeability at 50 Pa pressure difference was V A = 98,7 m³/h•m², and

Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Air permeability measurement results of expanded clay masonry structure blocks (No. 1 and 3) by changing pressure difference and masonry joins technology

Fig. 5
Fig. 5 joints technology, air permeability results through asonry specimens are presented in the figures 4, 5 and 6.Masonry specimens of expanded clay blocks had the me density ρ = 650 kg/m 3 , but the installation of masonry ints was different: specimen no. 1 had vertical masonry ints installed, specimen no. 3 had both horizontal and rtical masonry joints were installed.Masonry installation chnology has led to different results.When vertical asonry joints are not installed, air tightness through the all structure reduces.Specimen no. 1 air permeability at 50 pressure difference was V A = 98,7 m³/h•m², and specimen r. 3 -V A = 73,6 m³/h•m².The estimated F-statistic p-value 0.06 is greater than significance level of 0.05, so we reject e hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality.rameter V A averages are significantly different.In the asonry construction of expanded clay blocks, the stallation of vertical joints affects the air permeability of nstruction.g. 4. Air permeability measurement results of expanded clay asonry structure blocks (No. 1 and 3) by changing pressure fference and masonry joins technology.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Air permeability measurement results of ceramic masonry structure blocks (No. 6 and 8) by changing installation technology.Specimen no. 4 air permeability at 50 Pa pressure difference was 5.5 m³/h •m ², and the specimen no.7 -4.6 m³/h •m 2. The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is greater than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept the hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equality.Parameter V A mean differences were not significant.Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical joints installation does not affect the air permeability of the construction.Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks had different installation joins: specimen No.6 had vertical installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal and vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference air permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and No.8 -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter V A averages are significantly different.In the masonry construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation affect the overall air permeability of construction."Bonferroniapplication of a post hoc" test (6, 7, 8 formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic tiles V A average is statistically significantly different from the other masonry structures air permeability values studied in this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessment of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type is

4.
Air permeability measurement results of expanded clay nry structure blocks (No. 1 and 3) by changing pressure ence and masonry joins technology. 5. Air permeability measurement results of silicate concrete nry structure blocks (No. 4 and 7) by changing installation ology.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Air permeability measurement results of ceramic masonry structure blocks (No. 6 and 8) by changing installation technology.Specimen no. 4 air permeability at 50 Pa pressure difference was 5.5 m³/h •m ², and the specimen no.7 -4.6 m³/h •m 2. The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.058 is greater than the significance level of 0.05, so we accept the hypothesis of the air permeability values mean equality.Parameter V A mean differences were not significant.Masonry structure of calcium silicate blocks vertical joints installation does not affect the air permeability of the construction.Masonry structure specimens of ceramic blocks had different installation joins: specimen No.6 had vertical installation joins and specimen No.8 had horizontal and vertical installation joins.At 50 Pa pressure difference air permeability of specimen No.6 was 36.2 m³/h •m² and No.8 -3.5 m³/h •m 2 .The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05, so the hypothesis of air permeability values mean equality reject.Parameter V A averages are significantly different.In the masonry construction of ceramic tiles vertical joints installation affect the overall air permeability of construction."Bonferroniapplication of a post hoc" test (6, 7, 8 formulas) suggests that masonry structure of ceramic tiles V A average is statistically significantly different from the other masonry structures air permeability values studied in this work.The estimated F-statistic p-value = 0.00 is less than the significance level of 0.05.The statistical assessment of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type is graphically displayed on the graph (Fig.7).

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7.The statistical assessment of air permeability dependency of masonry structures type at reference pressure difference 50 Pa.
Fig. 6 Air permeability measurement results of ceramic masonry structure blocks (No. 6 and 8) by changing installation technology

Table 2 .
Average results of air flow through specimens

Table 2 .
Average results of air flow through specimens

Table 2 .
Average results of air flow through s

Table 1
Average results of air flow through specimens Minimum air flow through the masonry construction is observed in those specimen made from aerated concrete blocks (No. 5), with an average air flow of 0.8 m³/h at 50 Pa pressure difference.These brick structures were sealed with mortar joints both vertically and horizontally.Also measurements showed that the average air flow rate at 50 Pa pressure difference through the wall structure of calcium silicate blocks (specimen No. 4) is 2.3 m³/h, and the ceramic tiles correction post hoc" test; or of dispersion; Q a -the level; n -the size of the mount of air flow through ction, air permeability test values are given in Table able 2, it can be observed d in specimens made from No. 3), at 50 Pa pressure s 44.5 m³/h and 56.9 m³/h ecimens was the same ρ =